Aláranid language
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Aláranid / Ordialid | |
---|---|
Pronunciation | [alaɾanid̪ / oɾd̪ialid̪] |
Spoken in | Gran Altiplano, Nerotysia, Mingdai, Meriad, Daeseong? |
Native speakers | ? million (2016) |
Language family | Rikati
|
Writing system | Aláranid alphabet / Latin alphabet |
Official status | |
Official language in | Gran Altiplano |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-1 | or |
ISO 639-2 | ord |
ISO 639-3 | ord |
Ordialid, literally meaning "[language] of Ordis", is a constructed language created by Altiplanero linguists Rilýarik Kastelán and Kavylen ri Vesatelu in 1933.
History
Phonology
Consonants
Ordialid has sixteen consonants, each with their own character.
Labial | Labial- Dental |
Dental | Alveolar | Palatal- alveolar |
Velar | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stops | voiceless | p | t̪ [t] | k | |||
voiced | β [b] | d̪ [d] | ɣ [g] | ||||
Fricatives | voiceless | f* | s | x* | |||
voiced | v | ||||||
Affricates | ts [z] | tʃ [q] | ks [x] | ||||
Nasals | m | n | |||||
Flap | ɾ [r] | ||||||
Approximant | l |
- /f/ and /x/ are treated as allophones of the same phoneme.
Vowels
Ordialid has six vowels and one diphthong.
Front | Central | Back | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Close | i | ɨ [w] | u | |||
Mid | e | o | ||||
Open | a | |||||
Diphthongs | aɪ [y] |
Phonotactics
- Possible syllabic combinations are as follows: V, VC[C], [C]CV, CVC, CVCC, CCVC
- In the CCV[C] case, only certain combinations are legal:
- sk, bl, sl, kl, pl, sp, br, sr, dr, fr, gr, kr, pr, tr, st, th
- (Stop followed by approximant or flap; [s] followed by a stop, approximant, or flap)
- In the [C]VCC case, only certain combinations are legal:
- sk, st, lb, ls, ld, lf, lk, lm, ln, lp, lq, lt, lv, lz, rs, rd, rk, rl, rm, rn, rp, rt, rz, ts
- (L can be followed by anything save [r], [g], [x]; r by s, d, k, l, m, n, p, t, z, or s; s by k, n, or t; t by s)
Grammar
Sentence structure
Nouns
Most nouns are identified by the suffixes “-ad” and “-en”, which are the root state. There are irregulars as well; these follow slightly different rules. All nouns are made plural by adding “-i” onto the end, to result in “-adi” or “-eni”. Although the endings technically correspond to masculine and feminine grammatical genders respectively, this is largely a vestigial construction that has no bearing on agreement with other parts of speech save pronouns. Compounds are fomed with a modifier-first, head final order. Finding these is infrequent; however they still exist and constitute another use of the ['] in words, for example “lýxir’vylazárad” from “vylazarad lyxirid”.
Noun “casts”: Beyond the basic endings of “-ad/en”, there are multiple “casts” or alternate endings to nouns that denote an additional layer of meaning on top of the basic definition.
- Incarnational cast (-álad/árad/álen/áren): Indicates a measure of something or an iconic form of a more abstract concept. See “askenarad” (dawn) from “askenad” (ascent); “iradialad” (radiant, path) from “iradiad” (path, trajectory); “katarad” (measurement) from “katad” (amount); “nimarad” (civilisation) from “nimad” (person).
- Diminutive cast (-ísad/ísen): Indicates an smaller or more limited version of the noun in question. See “marenisad” (shuttle, dinghy) from “maren” (boat); “nokonisad” (remnant) from “nokonad” (part).
- Iterative cast (-ákad/áken): Indicates a repetition of the original noun or an ongoing process. Inherently linear in nature. Not to be confused with “-áken as a suffix denoting “first”. See “utakad” (melody) from “utad” (pitch, note); “ariakad” (employment) from “ariad” (task); “kwvenegaken” (storm) from “kwvenegen” (cloud).
- Constructional cast (-ázad/ázen): Indicates a complex or system built upon the original noun in question. See “rigazad” (star-system) from “rigad” (star); “vystazad” (view, defined vision) from “vystad” (seeing), "ekylazen" (education) from "ekylen" (mastery, expertise).
Verbs
Aláranid is an agglutinative language; both prefixes and suffixes are used. Prefixes indicate the tense, of which there are five. Suffixes indicate personal endings.
Prefixes | Suffixes | ||
---|---|---|---|
Present indicative | — | 1st person (singular) | í |
Present subjunctive | én | 1st person (plural) | ít |
Future | ín | 2nd person (singular) | ú |
Past preterite | án | 2nd person (plural) | út |
Past imperfect | aín | 3rd person (singular) | á |
Past subjunctive | eín | 3rd person (plural) | át |
To create the progressive form of any tense, simply append the suffix “-ind” or, after “í" or "á", "-nind". To negate or invert the meaning of a verb, add (after the tense prefix) the prefix “ni-“ in present indicative or "‘i-" for any other tense. To create an imperative form, use the second-person singular in future tense. For example, given the verb kisamir or "to think":
- "I think" becomes kisamí;
- "You (pl.) may have thought" becomes eínkisamút;
- and "They will not believe" becomes ín'ikisamát.
Adjectives
Adjectives are formed from associated nouns by way of converting the “-ad” or “-en” to “-id”. In cases where the letter before “-ad” is an “-e” or “-i”, the suffix becomes “-alid” instead. This can occasionally result in situations where the modified version is identical to the normal adjective form of a different noun. Here, contextual clues are relied upon to discern between the two. Also, as with verbs, adjectives can be modified with the prefix “ni-“ to invert their meaning (i.e. “esténid” or “hopeful” to “niesténid” or “hopeless”). The number (singular or plural) must also agree with the noun and verb, and in the case of a plural adjective, the suffix “-idni” is used.
Pronouns
There are object pronoun prefixes appended to verbs and prepositions. These are as follows:
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
First person | iz / is | it / is |
Second person | us / ut | us / ut |
Third person | el / e | el / e |
Consequently, using the verb "to tell" (setarir) to say "I tell you" in present tense would yield us'etarí. Similarly, saying "I saw a mountain in front of me" would be izmenál síren ánlaní.
Example Vocabulary / Pronunciation Aid
Letter | Example word | English equivalent | Letter | Example word | English equivalent |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
e | elsierad (horizon) | stay | b | bérimen (desert) | Spanish vaso |
v | vystazad (view) | verdant | a | anelykad (nation) | bastion (UK) |
s | sakad (year) | serene | m | misirad (unity) | mango |
u | utakad (song) | pool | r | reganad (ship) | Spanish para |
i | íspalad (energy) | need | k | katalad (word) | capital |
l | legerad (history) | Spanish caleta | z | alezir (to fly) | pilots |
o | ordenad (stability) | cordon | g | gendarad (dignity) | Spanish agave |
x | askyxad (wasp) | taxi | y | yá (yes) | high |
w | kwvénegen (cloud) | Russian был | q | áqin (five) | chart |
t | te (no) | Between attempt and other | p | píravad (truth) | pilgrim |
d | deskenarad (sunset) | Between admit and that | n | nimad (person) | narrative |
h/f | heratad (home) | Between offer and ahoy |